How to Steam Pumpkin in Microwave? Easy & Tender Method

ByMeghan Splawn

Introduction

Steaming pumpkin is one of the easiest ways to soften its firm flesh while preserving its natural sweetness, color, and nutrients. If you want a quick method that does not require a large pot, steamer basket, or long cooking time, learning how to steam pumpkin in microwave is a practical kitchen skill. This method is especially useful when you need tender pumpkin for purees, soups, baby food, side dishes, curries, smoothies, or baking recipes.

Microwave steaming works by trapping moisture around the pumpkin pieces, allowing them to cook gently and evenly. Unlike boiling, which can dilute flavor and leach nutrients into the water, microwave steaming uses only a small amount of water. Unlike roasting, which can take much longer and may dry the edges, microwave steaming is fast and keeps the pumpkin moist. The result is tender pumpkin that can be mashed, blended, or served as-is with seasonings.

This guide explains how to steam pumpkin in microwave from start to finish. You will learn how to choose the right pumpkin, prepare it safely, cut it into even pieces, add the correct amount of water, cover it properly, adjust cooking time, check doneness, fix common problems, store leftovers, and use steamed pumpkin in everyday recipes. Whether you are cooking a small sugar pumpkin or softening a few cubes for a quick meal, this method can help you get consistent results.

Table of Contents

What Does It Mean to Steam Pumpkin in the Microwave?

Microwave steaming is a cooking method in which pumpkin pieces are placed in a microwave-safe container with a small amount of water and covered so the trapped steam softens them. The microwave heats the water, and the water turns into steam. That steam surrounds the pumpkin and cooks it from the outside while the microwave energy also warms the flesh from within. The process is fast because microwaves heat water molecules directly.

When you learn how to steam pumpkin in microwave, the goal is not to boil the pumpkin in water. The goal is to create a humid cooking environment. The pumpkin should sit above or beside a shallow layer of water, not submerged. A lid, microwave-safe plate, or vented cover helps trap steam without letting too much moisture escape. This is why covering the bowl is an important step.

The method is flexible. You can steam small cubes, wedges, or larger chunks. You can steam pumpkin with the skin on or peeled, depending on the variety and your recipe. You can also steam a whole small pumpkin if it fits safely in the microwave, although cutting it into pieces usually gives more even results. The technique can be adjusted for different microwave wattages, pumpkin sizes, and desired textures.

Why Steam Pumpkin in the Microwave?

There are several reasons to choose microwave steaming over other cooking methods. The first reason is speed. A microwave can soften pumpkin cubes in minutes rather than the longer time often needed on the stovetop or in the oven. This makes it ideal for busy weeknights, small kitchens, dorm rooms, office kitchens, and anyone who wants a quick vegetable side dish.

The second reason is convenience. You do not need to set up a steamer basket, monitor a pot of boiling water, or preheat an oven. You only need a microwave-safe bowl, a cover, and a small amount of water. Cleanup is usually simple because there is less equipment and less water involved.

The third reason is texture control. Microwave steaming allows you to check the pumpkin frequently and stop cooking as soon as it reaches the desired tenderness. This helps prevent overcooking, which can make pumpkin watery, stringy, or bland. If you want pumpkin for a smooth puree, you can cook it until very soft. If you want cubes for a salad or side dish, you can stop while the pieces still hold their shape.

The fourth reason is flavor preservation. Because only a small amount of water is used, more of the pumpkin’s natural flavor remains in the flesh. The pumpkin tastes sweeter and more concentrated than boiled pumpkin. The color also tends to stay bright orange, which is appealing in soups, purees, and baked goods.

Finally, microwave steaming is energy-efficient. Heating a small amount of water in a microwave uses less energy than heating a large pot on a stove or running an oven for a long time. For a single serving or small batch, it is a practical and economical choice.

Best Pumpkin Types for Microwave Steaming

Not all pumpkins cook the same way. Some varieties are sweet, dense, and ideal for eating, while others are grown mainly for decoration and can be watery or bland. Choosing the right pumpkin makes a noticeable difference in flavor and texture.

  • Sugar pumpkin: Also called pie pumpkin, this is one of the best choices for steaming. It is smaller than a carving pumpkin, has sweeter flesh, and cooks evenly.
  • Kabocha squash: Although technically a squash, kabocha is often used like pumpkin. It has dense, sweet flesh and becomes very tender when steamed.
  • Butternut squash: Butternut is easy to peel and has smooth, sweet flesh. It steams well and is excellent for purees and soups.
  • Red kuri squash: This variety has a rich flavor and edible skin when cooked. It steams well in cubes or wedges.
  • Calabaza: Common in many cuisines, calabaza has firm flesh that softens nicely when steamed.
  • Small carving pumpkins: These can be steamed, but they are often less sweet and more watery. They are better used in soups or stews where extra seasoning can improve the flavor.

Avoid very large jack-o-lantern pumpkins if you want the best eating quality. Their flesh is often stringy and watery. If you do use one, remove as much fibrous material as possible and season the finished pumpkin well. Also avoid pumpkins with soft spots, mold, deep cuts, or a hollow sound that suggests they are old or damaged.

For the best results, choose a pumpkin that feels heavy for its size. The skin should be firm and matte rather than shiny. A heavy pumpkin usually has denser, more flavorful flesh. If you are buying pre-cut pumpkin, choose pieces that look bright orange, moist but not slimy, and free from browning or drying at the edges.

Tools and Ingredients You Need

One of the advantages of microwave steaming is that you do not need special equipment. Most home kitchens already have everything required. The key is to use containers and covers that are safe for microwave use.

  • Microwave-safe bowl: Choose a bowl large enough to hold the pumpkin pieces in a fairly even layer. Glass or ceramic bowls work well. Avoid metal containers.
  • Microwave-safe lid or plate: A vented lid is ideal. If you do not have one, use a microwave-safe plate placed loosely over the bowl. Leave a small gap for steam to escape.
  • Sharp knife: A sturdy chef’s knife helps cut through firm pumpkin safely.
  • Cutting board: Use a stable board. A damp towel under the board can prevent slipping.
  • Spoon: Use a sturdy spoon to scoop out seeds and stringy fibers.
  • Measuring spoon or cup: Useful for adding a consistent amount of water.
  • Oven mitts or towel: The bowl and steam will be hot after cooking.
  • Fork or skewer: Used to test doneness.

The basic ingredients are simple. You need pumpkin, water, and optional seasonings. For a neutral steamed pumpkin, water alone is enough. For more flavor, you can add a pinch of salt, a small amount of butter, olive oil, cinnamon, nutmeg, garlic powder, or herbs after cooking. It is usually best to season after steaming because salt can draw moisture out during cooking and spices can taste muted when steamed.

Use clean, cool water. Filtered water is fine but not required. The amount of water depends on the amount of pumpkin and the container size. In general, use 2 to 4 tablespoons of water for a small bowl of pumpkin cubes. The water should form a shallow layer at the bottom, not cover the pumpkin.

How to Prepare Pumpkin Before Steaming

Good preparation is the foundation of even cooking. If the pieces are uneven, some will be mushy while others remain hard. If too much water is used, the pumpkin may become watery. If the bowl is overcrowded, steam cannot circulate properly. Taking a few minutes to prepare the pumpkin carefully will improve the final texture.

Wash and Dry the Pumpkin

Start by washing the pumpkin under cool running water. Even if you plan to peel it, the knife can carry dirt from the skin into the flesh. Use a clean brush if needed, especially around the stem and ridges. Dry the pumpkin with a clean towel so it is easier to handle and less slippery.

Cut the Pumpkin Safely

Place the pumpkin on a stable cutting board. If it wobbles, slice a thin piece from the bottom to create a flat base. Cut the pumpkin in half from top to bottom using a sharp knife. Work slowly and keep your fingers away from the blade. If the pumpkin is very hard, you can microwave the whole pumpkin for 1 to 2 minutes to soften the skin slightly before cutting, but be careful because it can become hot.

Once halved, scoop out the seeds and stringy fibers with a spoon. You can save the seeds for roasting if desired. Scrape the cavity until it is relatively smooth. At this point, you can decide whether to peel the pumpkin. For microwave steaming, peeling is optional. If you want a smooth puree, peeling before cooking may be easier. If you want to steam wedges and scoop the flesh after cooking, leave the skin on.

Cut Even Pieces

Cut the pumpkin into pieces of similar size. For quick steaming, 1-inch cubes are a good standard. Smaller cubes cook faster but can become mushy. Larger chunks take longer and may cook unevenly. If you are steaming wedges, try to make them similar in thickness. Even sizing is one of the most important factors in learning how to steam pumpkin in microwave successfully.

If you are using a small sugar pumpkin, you may cut it into wedges and place them skin-side down in the bowl. If you are using butternut squash, peel it first, remove the seeds, and cube the neck and bulb sections. The bulb section may have a slightly different texture, so cut those pieces a little smaller if needed.

Arrange the Pieces in the Bowl

Place the pumpkin pieces in a microwave-safe bowl in a single layer if possible. A single layer cooks more evenly than a deep pile. If you need to cook a larger amount, use a wider bowl or cook in batches. Add 2 to 4 tablespoons of water to the bottom of the bowl. Do not pour water over the pumpkin unless you want a softer, more boiled texture.

Cover the bowl with a microwave-safe lid or plate. If using a plate, leave a small vent by placing it slightly off-center. This allows excess steam to escape and helps prevent pressure buildup. Do not seal the bowl completely unless the lid is designed for microwave venting.

How to Steam Pumpkin in Microwave: Step-by-Step Method

The following step-by-step method is designed for cubed pumpkin, but it can be adapted for wedges or larger pieces. It assumes a standard microwave and a microwave-safe bowl. Always adjust based on your appliance and the amount of pumpkin.

  1. Prepare the pumpkin. Wash, dry, cut, remove seeds, and cut into even 1-inch cubes. Peel if desired.
  2. Place pumpkin in a bowl. Arrange the cubes in a microwave-safe bowl in a fairly even layer. Avoid piling them too high.
  3. Add water. Add 2 to 4 tablespoons of water to the bottom of the bowl. Use less water for a small amount of pumpkin and more for a larger batch.
  4. Cover the bowl. Use a microwave-safe lid or plate. Leave a small vent for steam to escape.
  5. Microwave on high. Start with 3 to 4 minutes for about 2 cups of pumpkin cubes. If your microwave has lower wattage, start with 4 to 5 minutes.
  6. Stir or rotate. Carefully remove the bowl using oven mitts. Stir the pumpkin or rotate the bowl. This helps even out hot spots.
  7. Check doneness. Insert a fork into a cube. If it slides in easily, the pumpkin is done. If not, continue cooking in 1-minute increments.
  8. Let it rest. Cover the bowl again and let it sit for 1 to 2 minutes. Residual steam will finish softening the pumpkin.
  9. Drain if needed. If there is excess water at the bottom, drain it before mashing or using the pumpkin in recipes.
  10. Season and serve. Add salt, butter, oil, spices, or herbs as desired. Serve warm or cool for later use.

This basic process is the core of how to steam pumpkin in microwave. The exact timing will vary, but the method remains the same: small amount of water, covered bowl, short cooking intervals, stirring, and checking doneness. The short intervals are important because pumpkin can go from tender to mushy quickly, especially when cut into small cubes.

If you are steaming a whole small pumpkin, first wash it, pierce the skin several times with a knife, and place it in a microwave-safe dish with a few tablespoons of water. Microwave on high for 5 to 8 minutes, then check and continue in 1-minute increments. Once tender, let it cool, cut it open, remove seeds, and scoop the flesh. Whole pumpkin takes longer and may cook less evenly, so cubing is usually better for consistent results.

How Long to Steam Pumpkin in the Microwave

Cooking time depends on several factors: microwave wattage, pumpkin variety, piece size, bowl shape, and how much pumpkin you are cooking. A high-wattage microwave may cook pumpkin faster than a lower-wattage model. Dense pumpkin varieties, such as kabocha, may need slightly more time than softer butternut squash. Larger pieces take longer than small cubes.

Use the following table as a starting point. These times are estimates for pumpkin cubes placed in a single layer with 2 to 4 tablespoons of water and covered with a vented lid. Always check early and add time as needed.

Pumpkin Form Approximate Amount Starting Time Additional Time
1-inch cubes 1 to 2 cups 3 to 4 minutes 1 minute at a time
1-inch cubes 3 to 4 cups 5 to 6 minutes 1 to 2 minutes at a time
Wedges, 1 inch thick 2 to 3 wedges 4 to 5 minutes 1 minute at a time
Larger chunks, 2 inches 2 to 3 cups 6 to 8 minutes 1 to 2 minutes at a time
Whole small pumpkin 1 pumpkin, under 2 pounds 5 to 8 minutes 1 to 2 minutes at a time

If your microwave is 700 watts or lower, add 1 to 2 minutes to the starting time. If it is 1100 watts or higher, reduce the starting time slightly and check early. Stirring halfway through is especially important in lower-wattage microwaves because hot spots can cause uneven cooking.

Remember that residual heat continues to cook the pumpkin after the microwave stops. If the pumpkin is almost tender, let it rest covered for a minute or two before adding more time. This can prevent overcooking and helps you achieve a better texture.

How to Check Whether Pumpkin Is Done

The easiest way to check doneness is the fork test. Insert a fork or skewer into the thickest part of a pumpkin piece. If it enters with little resistance and the piece feels soft, it is done. If you feel resistance or the center seems firm, continue cooking in short increments.

For purees and baby food, cook the pumpkin until it is very soft and slightly falling apart. It should mash easily with a fork. For side dishes, cubes should be tender but still hold their shape. If they collapse when stirred, they are overcooked for a cube presentation but may still be fine for mash or soup.

Visual cues can also help. Properly steamed pumpkin usually looks slightly darker and more translucent than raw pumpkin. The edges may look soft, and the surface may have a gentle sheen from moisture. If the pumpkin looks dry, shriveled, or browned, it may have cooked too long or lacked enough water.

Taste is another useful check. A small bite can tell you whether the texture is right. Be careful because the pumpkin will be hot. Let it cool slightly before tasting. If it tastes firm or crunchy, it needs more time. If it tastes watery, it may have been overcooked or submerged in too much water.

Microwave Steaming vs Other Cooking Methods

Microwave steaming is not the only way to cook pumpkin. Each method has advantages depending on your recipe, equipment, and desired texture. The comparison below can help you decide when microwave steaming is the best choice.

Method Time Texture Flavor Best For
Microwave steaming Fast, usually 3 to 8 minutes Tender and moist Sweet and concentrated Quick side dishes, purees, baby food, small batches
Stovetop steaming Moderate, 10 to 20 minutes Tender and slightly firmer Natural and mild Larger batches, meal prep, precise texture
Boiling Moderate, 10 to 15 minutes Soft, sometimes watery Milder due to water contact Soups, mashes, recipes where water is acceptable
Roasting Long, 30 to 50 minutes Caramelized edges, drier interior Deep, sweet, roasted Roasted sides, salads, caramelized flavor
Pressure cooking Very fast, 5 to 10 minutes under pressure Very soft Concentrated Large batches, purees, meal prep

Microwave steaming is best when speed and convenience matter most. Stovetop steaming gives slightly more control for large batches. Roasting is better when you want caramelized flavor. Boiling is acceptable for soups but can dilute taste. Pressure cooking is efficient for large quantities but requires special equipment. For many everyday recipes, microwave steaming offers the best balance of speed, moisture, and flavor.

Tips and Best Practices

A few small adjustments can make a big difference in the quality of steamed pumpkin. These tips help you avoid common problems and get the texture you want.

  • Cut evenly: Uniform pieces cook at the same rate. This is the most important tip for consistent results.
  • Use a shallow layer: A single layer cooks more evenly than a deep pile. If necessary, cook in batches.
  • Use minimal water: Too much water can make the pumpkin watery and bland. Start with 2 tablespoons for small batches.
  • Cover with a vent: Trapped steam cooks the pumpkin, but a small vent prevents pressure buildup.
  • Stir halfway: Stirring or rotating the bowl helps distribute heat and moisture.
  • Check early: It is easier to add time than to fix overcooked pumpkin. Start with the lower end of the estimated time.
  • Let it rest: A short resting period allows residual steam to finish cooking without additional microwave time.
  • Drain excess water: If water remains after cooking, drain it before mashing or blending to prevent a watery puree.
  • Season after cooking: Salt, butter, oil, and spices taste better and are easier to control when added after steaming.
  • Use the right pumpkin: Sweet, dense varieties produce better flavor and texture than large carving pumpkins.

If you plan to make a smooth puree, cook the pumpkin until it is very soft and then blend it while warm. A fork, potato masher, or immersion blender can be used. For baby food, make sure the puree is completely smooth and cool it to a safe temperature before serving. If you want cubes for a salad, stop cooking while they are still firm enough to hold their shape.

For meal prep, steam a larger batch and store it in portions. This makes it easy to add pumpkin to oatmeal, yogurt, smoothies, soups, or baked goods throughout the week. Steamed pumpkin can also be frozen in small portions for later use.

Common Mistakes and How to Fix Them

Even a simple method can go wrong if a few details are overlooked. The following common mistakes can affect texture, flavor, and safety.

  • Using too much water: This can make the pumpkin watery and dilute its flavor. Fix it by draining the pumpkin and reducing water next time.
  • Cutting uneven pieces: Small pieces overcook while large pieces remain hard. Fix it by cutting uniform cubes and checking the largest pieces.
  • Overcrowding the bowl: A deep pile prevents steam from circulating. Fix it by using a wider bowl or cooking in batches.
  • Sealing the bowl completely: Trapped pressure can be unsafe and may cause the lid to pop. Fix it by leaving a small vent.
  • Overcooking: Pumpkin can become mushy, stringy, or watery. Fix it by checking earlier and cooking in shorter increments.
  • Undercooking: Hard pumpkin is difficult to mash and unpleasant to eat. Fix it by adding 1 to 2 minutes and checking again.
  • Using the wrong pumpkin: Large carving pumpkins can be watery and bland. Fix it by choosing sugar pumpkins or similar eating varieties.
  • Forgetting to rest: Removing the cover immediately can stop the cooking too soon. Fix it by letting the pumpkin rest covered for 1 to 2 minutes.
  • Using metal or non-microwave-safe containers: This can damage the microwave or create a safety hazard. Fix it by using glass, ceramic, or labeled microwave-safe plastic.

If your pumpkin turns out too soft, you can still use it in soups, smoothies, pancakes, muffins, or baby food. If it is too firm, return it to the microwave with a splash of water and cook for another minute. If it tastes bland, add a pinch of salt, a squeeze of lemon, butter, cinnamon, or maple syrup to improve the flavor.

If the pumpkin is stringy, it may be an older or less suitable variety. You can blend it to create a smoother texture. Straining the puree through a fine mesh sieve can also remove fibers. For future batches, choose a denser pumpkin and avoid overcooking.

Ways to Use Steamed Pumpkin

Steamed pumpkin is versatile and can be used in both sweet and savory dishes. Its mild sweetness and soft texture make it easy to incorporate into many recipes. Once you know how to steam pumpkin in microwave, you can keep cooked pumpkin ready for quick meals.

  • Pumpkin puree: Mash or blend steamed pumpkin for baking, soups, sauces, or baby food.
  • Pumpkin soup: Blend steamed pumpkin with broth, onion, garlic, and spices for a quick soup.
  • Side dish: Serve tender cubes with butter, salt, pepper, and herbs.
  • Smoothies: Add cooled pumpkin puree to smoothies with banana, cinnamon, and milk.
  • Oatmeal: Stir pumpkin puree into warm oatmeal with cinnamon and maple syrup.
  • Pancakes and muffins: Use steamed pumpkin puree in batter for moist baked goods.
  • Curry: Add pumpkin cubes to coconut milk curry for a soft, sweet vegetable.
  • Risotto: Stir pumpkin puree into risotto for color and creaminess.
  • Baby food: Blend steamed pumpkin with a little water or breast milk until smooth.
  • Freezer portions: Freeze small amounts for later use in recipes.

Steamed pumpkin can also be seasoned in different ways. For a savory version, add olive oil, garlic, rosemary, thyme, salt, and pepper. For a sweet version, add butter, cinnamon, nutmeg, brown sugar, or honey. A squeeze of lemon juice can brighten the flavor and balance sweetness.

If you want a roasted flavor but only have steamed pumpkin, you can finish it in a hot skillet with a little oil. This gives the edges some color while keeping the inside tender. It is a useful trick when you want the speed of microwave steaming but the flavor of roasted pumpkin.

How to Store and Reheat Steamed Pumpkin

Proper storage helps maintain quality and food safety. Allow steamed pumpkin to cool slightly before storing it, but do not leave it at room temperature for more than two hours. Transfer it to an airtight container and refrigerate. Cooked pumpkin generally keeps well in the refrigerator for 3 to 5 days.

If you want to store it longer, freeze it. Portion the pumpkin into freezer-safe containers or bags. For convenience, freeze small amounts in an ice cube tray, then transfer the cubes to a freezer bag once solid. Frozen steamed pumpkin can last for about 2 to 3 months. Label the container with the date so you can use older portions first.

To reheat, place the pumpkin in a microwave-safe bowl with a small splash of water. Cover with a vented lid or plate and microwave in 30-second increments until warm. Stir between intervals to distribute heat. If reheating a puree, stir well and check the temperature before serving, especially for children.

If the pumpkin has been frozen, thaw it in the refrigerator overnight or use the defrost setting on your microwave. After thawing, it may release extra water. Drain the excess before using it in recipes. The texture may be slightly softer after freezing, so it is best used in soups, purees, smoothies, and baked goods rather than as firm cubes.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much water should I use to steam pumpkin in the microwave?

Use 2 to 4 tablespoons of water for a small to medium batch of pumpkin cubes. The water should form a shallow layer at the bottom of the bowl, not cover the pumpkin. If the bowl is large or the pumpkin amount is small, start with 2 tablespoons and add more only if needed.

Do I need to peel pumpkin before microwaving?

No, peeling is optional. You can steam pumpkin with the skin on and scoop the flesh after cooking. If you want a smooth puree, peeling before cooking may make the process easier. Some varieties, such as kabocha, have edible skin when cooked.

Can I steam a whole pumpkin in the microwave?

Yes, if it fits safely and is small enough. Wash it, pierce the skin several times, place it in a microwave-safe dish with a few tablespoons of water, and cook in increments. However, cutting it into pieces usually gives more even results and shorter cooking time.

Why is my pumpkin still hard after microwaving?

The pieces may be too large, the microwave wattage may be low, or the cooking time may be too short. Add 1 to 2 minutes and check again. Stirring or rotating the bowl can also help. Make sure the bowl is covered so steam can build up.

Why did my pumpkin turn mushy?

It was likely overcooked, cut too small, or steamed with too much water. Reduce the cooking time next time and check earlier. Mushy pumpkin can still be used in soups, purees, smoothies, pancakes, and muffins.

Is steamed pumpkin safe for baby food?

Yes, steamed pumpkin can be used for baby food if it is cooked until very soft and blended smooth. Cool it to a safe temperature before serving. Avoid adding salt, sugar, or honey for young babies unless advised by a pediatrician.

Can I steam frozen pumpkin in the microwave?

Yes, but it may release more water. Steam it covered with a small amount of water and check frequently. The texture may be softer than fresh pumpkin, so it is best used in purees, soups, and baked goods.

Can I reheat steamed pumpkin more than once?

It is best to reheat only the amount you plan to eat. Repeated reheating can reduce quality and increase food safety risks. Store leftovers in small portions so you can reheat only what you need.

Should I drain the water after steaming?

If you are mashing or blending the pumpkin, draining excess water helps prevent a watery texture. If you are serving cubes as a side dish, a small amount of liquid is usually fine and can be mixed with butter or seasoning.

When should I season pumpkin?

Season after steaming for the best flavor. Salt, butter, oil, spices, and herbs can be added while the pumpkin is warm so they blend easily. Seasoning before cooking can draw out moisture and make the texture less predictable.

Conclusion

Learning how to steam pumpkin in microwave is a simple way to prepare tender, flavorful pumpkin with minimal effort. By choosing a suitable pumpkin, cutting it into even pieces, using a small amount of water, covering the bowl, cooking in short intervals, and checking doneness, you can achieve reliable results every time. The method is fast, convenient, and adaptable to many recipes.

Microwave steaming is especially useful when you need pumpkin for purees, soups, baby food, side dishes, smoothies, or baking. It preserves natural sweetness and color while avoiding the long cooking times of roasting or the flavor dilution of boiling. With the tips, timing guidance, comparison table, and troubleshooting advice in this article, you can confidently adjust the method to your microwave, pumpkin variety, and desired texture.

Once you practice the basic technique, steamed pumpkin can become a regular part of your meal routine. Keep a few portions in the refrigerator or freezer, season them in different ways, and use them in both sweet and savory dishes. With a little preparation and attention to timing, how to steam pumpkin in microwave becomes an easy, dependable kitchen skill.

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